California required the use of the California Style Manual. [29] In 2008, the California Supreme Court issued a rule that gave the option to use the California Style Manual or The Bluebook. [30] The two styles differ considerably in the citation of case law, in the use of ibid. or id. (for idem) and in the citation of books and journals. [31] Michigan uses a separate official citation system issued as an administrative order issued by the Michigan Supreme Court. [32] The main difference is that the Michigan system “omits all periods in citations, uses italics slightly differently, and does not use `small caps.`” [33] As noted earlier, Texas simply adds to the Bluebook points specific to Texas dishes, such as: citing cases where Texas was an independent republic,[34] petition and written history,[35] Attorney General`s Opinion,[36] and similar issues. If you cite a specific point in the case, you can use only that page number and delete the page where the case begins. If you are still citing the case as a whole, keep the page number on which the case begins.
It should also be noted that, depending on the document, underlining can be replaced by italics and vice versa – provided one of them is consistent. A group led by Professor Christopher J. Sprigman of New York University School of Law has prepared a “public domain implementation of the Bluebook`s uniform citation system,” which his group calls BabyBlue. However, a law firm (Ropes & Gray) representing the Harvard Law Review Association (HLRA) sent him a letter stating: The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation illustrates hypertrophy in an anthropological sense. It is a monstrous growth, far from the functional necessity of forms of legal citation, that serves the obscure needs of legal culture and its student subculture. [37] In the abbreviated form of a case, you are free to shorten the name of the case to the first part or even to an abbreviated form of that party`s title. However, if the first party is a State entity, geographical entity or other such creation, this quotation may not be useful. (Since there are so many cases where the first party is the U.S. government, for example, listing a case name like “United States” doesn`t limit it enough to be helpful.) In these cases, quote with the name of the second part instead. Another dispute concerns the copyright status of The Bluebook. Proponents of open source argue that The Bluebook is not copyrighted because it is an essential part of the legal infrastructure. [41] Lawyers representing the Bluebook publishing consortium argue that “carefully selected examples, explanations and other textual records” are protected by copyright.
[42] David Post commented, “This is copyright nonsense, and Harvard should be ashamed of having lost its legal dogs to distribute to protect its (apparently quite lucrative) monopoly on publishing.” [45] When the name of the case is mentioned, it is usually summarized. If there are several plaintiffs or defendants, only the first part of each category is indicated. In addition, the names of the persons in the name of the case are shortened to surnames only – no first or middle names, no initials, no “aka” or “et al”. Finding the right citation format is easier than ever thanks to the new smart search bar. The message also suggested that HLRA “diverts the money it spends on legal fees ($185,664 in 2013) to a more worthy cause. [44] Posner himself uses a much simpler citation system largely based on the first edition of the Bluebook. This system, which he includes in a manual he makes available to his trainee lawyers, was printed in the Yale Law Journal article mentioned above. At the time of writing, its citation system numbered 885 words, or about two printed pages, much shorter than the 511 pages of the nineteenth edition, the 640 pages of the ALWD Citation Manual then in force, or the more than 1,000 pages of the Chicago Manual of Style. [37] The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation is a style guide that prescribes the most widely used legal citation system in the United States.
It is taught and used in the majority of U.S. law schools and is also used in the majority of federal courts. There are also several “homemade” citation styles used by law publishers in their work. The Bluebook is compiled by the Harvard Law Review Association, Columbia Law Review, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, and Yale Law Journal. It is currently in its 21st edition (published in July 2020). The name is derived from the color of the cover. With over 500 pages for the 19th edition, The Bluebook is much more complicated than the citation systems used by most other fields. Legal experts have called for it to be replaced by a simpler system. [37] The University of Chicago uses the simplified “Maroonbook,”[38] and even simpler systems are used by other parties. Bluebook 1 (1926) has about 30 sentences in common with the abbreviations and citation form (1921) of the Yale Law Journal, as well as numerous example citations, all the proofreading marks, and virtually every item in the long list of abbreviations. Both begin with the same sentence: “This pamphlet does not purport to contain a complete list of abbreviations or all the necessary data on education.” The subtitle of the Blue Book is “Abbreviations and Citation Form.” Jones v.
Smith Connecticut citation, which is the basic case citation example used by Yale pioneers in the Llewellyn field, is the basic case study used in Bluebook 1. The Haines Yale Law Journal citation, which is the basic example of the periodical citations used by Llewellyn-Field`s predecessors at Yale, is the basic periodic example used in Bluebook 1. Most of the treaty section is identical between 1921 and 1926. In general, you should shorten as much as possible without losing the necessary information. For example, the Blue Book recommends shortening all procedural sentences to abbreviations such as “In re” or “Ex parte” and using all commonly understood abbreviations to shorten the names of the parties, e.g. “Univ.” instead of “University”. In addition, the names of the source and the court are usually abbreviated; In the following example citation, Federal Rules Decisions is abbreviated to “F.R.D.” and the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania to “W.D. Pa”. Sources and courts tend to have official abbreviations for this purpose, usually provided visibly to anyone who needs to quote them. Our client is of the opinion that the BabyBlue title, or any title composed of the word “Blue” when used on or in connection with your work, is so similar to the BLUEBOOK marks that it is likely to cause confusion, error and/or deception. Accordingly, and to avoid any risk of confusion among consumers, my client respectfully requests that you undertake not to (i) use the title or name BabyBlue or any other title or name containing the word “blue” for your work.
[43] Protecting America`s Harvest: Hearing on H.R. 2414 Before the H. Subcomm. on immigration, citizenship, refugees, border security and international law, 111th Cong (2010) (statement by Stephen Colbert, host, The Colbert Report, Comedy Central Studios) Browse the table of contents on the left or search as you type. Switch from blue pages to blank pages with a single click. Ministère du Travail, de la Santé et des Services sociaux, de l`éducation et des organismes liés Appropriations for 2003: hearing before H. Subcomm. on Education Appropriations, 107th Cong. (2002) (Statement by Elmo Monster, Sesame Street Muppet).
Note: The Blue Book does not mention a method for writing short quotes for hearings. The page number in a case citation is the page where that case begins in the source. If you want to refer to both a specific page and the overall case, separate that page reference with a comma. For example, if your reference is a case that starts on page 100 of your source, but you specifically want to refer to a six-page statement, the page number in your citation would be “100, 106.” Try the Bluebook Online today and simplify your citation process! See also: Order of signals, Order of authorities and introduction to basic legal citation. If the article of a defunct constitution that you cite was passed in a different year than the constitution as a whole, then also include that year, for example: A 2022 review of nonprofit disclosures from Harvard Law Review found that the Bluebook generated $1.2 million in profits in 2020. Harvard Law Review reduced profits from administrative services by 8.5% and the rest was divided equally among the four law journals. The Blue Book`s profits totaled $16 million between 2011 and 2020. Excluding the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Law Review`s foundations total $59.4 million. [50] On March 31, 2016, it was announced that the project had changed its name to Indigo Book. [46] When quoting the Constitution of a Government Agency, use the short title of the Constitution, and then indicate to which subdivision of this document you are referring. Here are some useful abbreviations for these divisions: If you quote an article of this Constitution that has since been amended or repealed, note the date of this fact in parentheses at the end of the quotation, for example, Claims about intellectual property made by HLR Association may or may not be false.
But in any event, the tactics used by HLR`s lawyer in his dealings with Mr. Malamud and Professor Sprigman are regrettable. The Harvard Law Review claims to be an organization that promotes knowledge and access to jurisprudence.